solo taxonomy explained

Finally there is a diagram that visually explains the concept. Tags:deeper learning, education, lesson resource, Solo Taxonomy, thinking and learning skills. SOLO Taxonomy in Mathematics . More on this: What is Bloom's taxonomy? The rubric used to assess your ePortfolio is based on the SOLO taxonomy. The SOLO taxonomy is an altertive model to Bloom's Taxonomy. An excellent starting point to explore this topic, thanks. The SOLO Master Class is designed for educators who have previously attended the ‘SOLO Taxonomy in the Classroom’ workshop. endstream endobj 140 0 obj <>stream (1992) explained the structure of the SOLO taxonomy as consisting as a series of cycles (especially between the Unistructural, Multistructural and Relational levels), which would allow for a development of breadth of knowledge as well as depth. Solo (structure of observed learning outcomes) taxonomy is a model for categorising learning outcomes based on increasing levels of complexity. The second resource is a presentation that I gave at a TeachMeet held at my school. According to these categories, students could understand: nothing; something; several relevant things; several relevant things that they see relate to each other; or a few related things they can apply in new situations about any topic. Whether I’m right or wrong about any of this is moot. �b�bv��W��F�~�M�.f�$��}�z��+&��tؼb��I�i�/ԓGq��gO&��d��8��l�)/1�9O��&��=L��==�h�4tYdFRh�� Y��=��g��n\Ź��Q�4s��~~ٸz?��8/��ḟ��mdI��F��'��^�x�,��(-m%��Ũ��K��I��g�*��i��oCR��ûF��Q�%(&��Iwx�%��Q/�np7��^6ή�Q2;��F%��\�t��~W�8K;H��#�m��l+n;�gE��A�X��P��Y�l�>�)1�n��nϣIϘX6��!��:�\2k ��3K�#v�>N�E�;Z�B_�5��5t[N�b>�(Ɠ��gR�|��/�d�-s��筙~��薏��t�Sq�=nE��U��M\n��.JWU��U�K�yY�J�蔰�3�I endstream endobj 141 0 obj <>stream 136 0 obj <> endobj See more ideas about solo taxonomy, taxonomy, solo. It describes levels of increasing complexity in a learner's understanding of subjects that aids both instructors and learners in understanding the learning process. It was proposed by John B. Biggs and K. Collis and has since gained popularity. Taxonomy is the branch of biology that classifies all living things. 2. SOLO, which stands for the S tructure of the O bserved L earning O utcome, is a means of classifying learning outcomes in terms of their complexity, enabling us to assess students’ work in terms of its quality not of how many bits of this and of that they have got right. It was developed by the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus, who lived during the 18th Century, and his system of classification is still used today. Below is a list of verbs that you can use when creating learning objectives. Cheers. )r)�b��p9;�3g�\��&��j�� M73J��&~�g�Hb��&��Y��Hr�+��a�!��{6�pR1�̥��,^��(��0��#��,� �گ �=u�p��DH�u��kդ�9pR��C��}�F�:`��g�K��y��Q0=&��KX� �pr ֙��ͬ#�,�%��1@�2��K� �'�d��2� ?>3ӯ1~�>� ��Eǫ�x��d��>;X\�6H�O��w~� � The first resource is a lesson resource that can be used to develop deeper thinking and learning skills. the SOLO Taxonomy What is a Learning Outcome? pw�� e Tabel 1. CONSIDERATIONS APPLYING SOLO TAXONOMY %%EOF Thank you for sharing this resource. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. At first we pick up only one or few aspects of the task ( unistructural ), … Pedagogy Focus: Teaching styles Opinion: How to develop habits of creative thinking Students begin at the pre-structural level, where understanding is simple or non-existent, and move to a point called the “extended abstract”, where learning is creative an… Introduction to the SOLO taxonomy Introduction to the SOLO taxonomy. “SOLO Taxonomy provides asimple and robust way ofdescribing how learningoutcomes grow in complexityfrom surface to deepunderstanding”Biggs & Collis 1982 8. There are5 stages, namely Pre-structural, Uni-structural, Multi-structural which are in a quantitative phrase and Relational and Extended Abstract which are in a qualitative phrase. See more ideas about solo taxonomy, taxonomy, solo. It describes 5 levels of understanding from simple to complex. SOLO Taxonomy in the Classroom aims to provide schools with further tools, ideas and practical strategies to help teachers plan and implement the SOLO taxonomy in their classrooms. This guide will explain: Bloom’s six levels of thinking. We use O0WBӤX�`8��ʐ6��'U5I��ad�:�ۆ�d�N.�P�4�x��Θ��]אk9>Ģ�LQ%�p�@5g� Qpw� The next two levels, unistructural and multistructural are … It is simple and to the point, easy to use GREAT . SOLO is a theory about teaching and learningbased on research on student learning rather than a theory about knowledge based on the judgements of educational administrators (Biggs and Tang 2007, p. 80). Criteria for each level based on SOLO taxonomy can be seen in Table 1 [17] [18]. h�TP�n� �� The first resource is a lesson resource that can be used to develop deeper thinking and learning skills. The three key domains; Cognitive, Psychomotor and Affective. SOLO, which stands for the Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome, is a means of classifying learning outcomes in terms of their complexity, enabling us to assess students’ work in terms of its quality not of how many bits of this and of that they have got right. A much less known taxonomy of assessing student learning is SOLO, which was created by John Biggs and Kevin Collis in 1982. SOLO Taxonomy with Strategies That Work It may come as no surprise that I’ve taken to describing high-effect size instructional strategies (HESIS) as “Strategies That Work.” In fact, you can find two online courses that capture this understanding, along with a chart. endstream endobj 137 0 obj <> endobj 138 0 obj <> endobj 139 0 obj <>stream H��W�n�F}�W�q D�_��E�E�iyp��H��F�V��7�ŝ�. This is very well explained and the examples really help. It’s all about increasing the levels of complexity in tasks as pupils move through their learning. This is "Solo Taxonomy Explained video" by Montagu Academy on Vimeo, the home for high quality videos and the people who love them. Jul 18, 2019 - Explore Rachael Klahn's board "SOLO Taxonomy" on Pinterest. @��ܧ�P�r�}Y)��:� bh],�g��"_L��|�5� E>�A�>+�B�� )� �� “Solo Taxonomy – What is it and how do you use it?”. 0 The structure of observed learning outcomes (SOLO) taxonomy is a model that describes levels of increasing complexity in student's understanding of subjects. endstream endobj 142 0 obj <>stream Solo Taxonomy - What is it and how do you use it? The SOLO (Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome) taxonomy illustrated in figure 1 (originally Biggs & Collis, 1982) can be used to categorise student responses to open-ended questions. h�TP=o� ��[u��S�t�[2�w��9pR��C��{��͏��u6��F�3��_H#�p��qC%�I�Iܭsĩu��a��s��I?�A�nL�K��n �'tH Ə�*|� ��ٯ�.��f{�sPI��B��g��6�oEl�!�&��$Y�nU�K�pw��d��ʆ��R��` N�m� This resource is designed to explain what solo taxonomy is and how to use it within lessons. SOLO Taxonomy At Maramba Primary School, we understand that learning is developmental and continuous.We ensure our students deepen and extend the quality of their knowledge and skills using the SOLO Taxonomy (Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes – developed through the research of John Biggs and Kevin Collis.) Bloom’s taxonomy has evolved significantly over the decades and offers a number of positive benefits for both learners and educators. At the prestructural level of understanding, the task is inappropriately attacked, and the student has missed the point or needs help to start. As learning progresses it becomes more complex. -�\U�b��'��-8$pybd��v��+��&�r'��C!f?G�)��S�dC��LY.z�ͮ�.Q��fqE�UU*��ī�,�lM�@��@ֵ��z�\� �,e8ȑ�E�ֈ�+�\Φ,A��D}yy-Ef��X8I\��\U3�b��eW��Y\ To explain how “a deep understanding of the SOLO Taxonomy” will “greatly increase” students’ learning. It identifies five levels of learning, which increase in skill at each stage. ̈R#fá��J�eJ%��*uze�͊R�J��%4n�& zX��*w�zK�OBy��%CTq�7F��woRj�@�p]��1'!��G)�\PZ�\g �/ �(pt��p��屗qC��Y��jf� ��S��[ ІYɉ�}�o#ݽq��`@ �Tc��9F6,�:x6ǄP�\�F��\b��"K�Z��6�PKș�0cʟp6�;�^dE~��l�'�b��u�?t Qј1C�KąJx;T�vE��!�B��q��9|+��83��d�UN��ٮ�.0gb�Z�u*��чt��Ay:X�]�9*�t��G�m9R��)�=,�`�P��c�C�D�u�VB�d�Jejh�*3o��2�t��J1� v&˾��5��Bki'�a�Z��2;tM1,�5�ت This will be very useful. h�bbd```b``9"C@$�~�^��c*B��D��\+�d�S�*'�H��`�v0� However, Campbell et al. The presentation outlines what Solo Taxonomy is and breaks down the concept in teacher friendly language. It is an approach designed by educational psychologists John Biggs and Kevin Collis to scaffold higher-order thinking for pupils. SOLO has advantages over Bloom's cognitive taxonomy (Bloom 1965), the traditional taxonomy for differentiating learning experiences. Pre structural –A student knows nothing about a topic/ can do the skill if someone helps them. h��XYoI�+�+"�w�H�%aw�X�]GB�`"��>_us؀�8 }wS�U¦�3�8�ƣL:�V2��U�x�V3�R��Ɩ �:�$�ശt$eRX�{ܩy\jCG�vE�dJ'p��ǽa�q��4t�\R�3-Å)�N�۔3Éz*��\�#�QҠ� ��1�{�qs��4�� %g_��e��JZ�l� w\�JL�Z"�I�� q� k� \�� V� G�� A��r��l�z3�7�ܜ]$��G�4��C^�$_?��K�� SOLO verbs In a learning objective, the verb describes at what level the student is expected to be able to reflect on a given topic. The SOLO Taxonomy is a taxonomy that classifies how students' thinking levels fall into five categories: pre-structural, uni structural, multi structural, relational, and extended abstract levels [10] [11]. %PDF-1.5 %�� What is Solo taxonomy? This really help to incorporate blooms into lessons but gives a simple structure as well, Hi, This looks great, nice to see some of my resources being used!! SOLO Taxonomy. endstream endobj 143 0 obj <>stream While the SOLO taxonomy can help identify levels of progression with learning, Biggs (1999) also identifies characteristics of students that signal whether they are adopting a deep or surface level approach to learning. �i��(��̫#�7*%�q`�b��4X��4#� qk�7�� Introduction to the SOLO Taxonomy "The SOLO taxonomy is a model that describes levels of increasing complexity in students’ thinking and understanding. Linnaeus invented binomial nomenclature, the system of giving each type of organism a genus and species name. ��u�Œ�)��^��'x�bS�C��>:�S� ��K�XU�rC��2�jG}��,�T6�sA;��fo�GmM��G�Ȗ��|��ܠ�(d��S��n��7��w��>�~�\��ϔ T�J$vH�Z��Q��ߌ�B��puf� 4�և|�.�vՉ��`��g}y��;��0��CB�D%0��$[mgW��T��y��)��!I0P'��Mu:��a?��Q R��rs�� The structure of observed learning outcomes (SOLO) taxonomy is a model that describes levels of increasing complexity in students' understanding of subjects. ��y&U��|ibG�x��V�&��ݫJ��ʬD�p=C�U9�ǥb�evy�G� �m& Learning outcomes are statements that indicate what students will know, value or be able to do by the end of the course. He also developed a classification system called the taxonomic hierarchy, which today has eight ranks from … Biggs’ Solo (Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome) Taxonomy is a systematic way of describing how a learner’s performance develops from simple to complex levels in their learning. h�b```f``�d`e`�=� Ā B@16� �� !��Б|��CG#�F� ~ .Ɍ��؟�W`��(�� x�!�P��7�Y�A�a]r��1�k�Ja@�2\L�%��z��=��A�^WU��҈�+�� . h�TP�n� �y �Jy R�%�dt6G�3D�H�� 2�DZ��rwA�=e��;��20"�?Ӭ �� The SOLO stands for: Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes Alternative to Bloom’s Taxonomy I am thinking of running a CPD session on solo and this resource will help enormously. endstream endobj startxref The challenge for Craig and anyone else who wants teachers to adopt SOLO is as follows: 1. They are the assessable ends of education, written from the students’ perspective, focused on what SOLO TAXONOMY SOLO stands for the Structure of Observed Learning Outcome (SOLO) which is a model that describes the levels of increasing complexity in … 4��.�� ^� ��P��PR�˳W@�0I�p�$S9L'C9��r��FA� [�BFQ�0T)3�� I have been looking into SOLO for a while, trying to work out how best to incorporate into my lessons. Uni structural –A student knows one relevant idea/ can do the skill if directed. Here are a selection of resource cards that can be used during a fitness circuit…, These resources can be used within a lesson or an extra curricular club as part…, Here are a number of Dance resource cards that can be used within lessons or…, {"cart_token":"","hash":"","cart_data":""}. Please sign in to view downloads. It was proposed by academics Biggs and Collis (1982) after classifying student’s thinking across a range of ages and a range of subjects. It also provides examples of how it can be used within lessons. 168 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6A7E5FFD1A672495F19D09D22FE26973><89A7EE0D2782F3459D155FDCA405D941>]/Index[136 59]/Info 135 0 R/Length 136/Prev 354790/Root 137 0 R/Size 195/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream ��^��/"%�� d��J��ã-�e2�ֈ`�Ya��gRf�`V�H��3Ե�2�od�c��V�Fش��⤈szN3�$�4х�i�-�G�DK�P�p�M�4�7�ʱE��)ⵀ��X�WG2(��J͜�n�Uޅ��|v�� `��;IW��N��n붸�� ]��e��!ASl�� 7��^W��X/��^��=��/�y�*��c9��$��KX�� z��Vp��A4��r ̴�"C��F��X�BRk(* K�QK�i(��(�>�#�aU͕v�&Pu��ʞ}1�o��t -��Z�]2l?F��G!��5��`��ET�qs�~��U��]��q��q�w��mT�p�"G�!8(�)��(�:sQ̥��F�@t��@+}Y��o��_B��ů5� Mp�8� Ɣ�: �5�L�f=e��Z��EIhCF�,XE\� 194 0 obj <>stream �qP 1�Q�� =a��xH��8=�1�3\�(a[�k �x�@��1U� ��n�u��1� If you want more I have just written a book with Pam Hook https://amzn.to/2BXinzh. Dec 11, 2019 - Stories about the classroom based use of SOLO Taxonomy http://pamhook.com/ . It was proposed by John B. Biggs and Kevin F. Collis.. It is widely used for designing curriculum outcomes and assessment tasks that get progressively more difficult as students move through their education. SOLO Taxonomy (structure of observed learning outcomes) provides a simple, reliable and robust model for three levels of understanding – surface deep and conceptual (Biggs and Collis 1982). The second resource is a presentation that I gave at a TeachMeet held at my school. Thank you for this. We investigate how the formulation of ILOs using the SOLO Taxonomy gives information about competence progression, educational traditions, and the nature of various science subjects. Solo stands for "structure of the observed learning outcome". SOLO Taxonomy. SOLO (structure of observed learning outcomes) taxonomy is an illustrated model of learning that classifies depth of understanding into categories. A little late to the party but just starting to introduce SOLO in HS PE classes.Thanks for the great resource for introducing this concept. ��. This resource is designed to explain what solo taxonomy is and how to use it within lessons. Already a member? SOLO Taxonomy is a systematic way of describing how a learner’s understanding develops from simple to complex when learning different subjects or tasks. The burden of proof is with the person making the claims. SOLO Taxonomy click to view a bigger version As learning progresses it becomes more complex. ��=Z�o(�,�"+M ǐ�"g�,��J��t!�g��IOY3��!��i�p�5�z�l��p�b��cl4�=븚0S�v��w~��_�n��A��~mf��Y��`9�oo9��t-E�HWwH��.��w��? The structure of observed learning outcomes taxonomy (SOLO taxonomy) is a tool for measuring how well a student understands a topic. the SOLO Taxonomy that operates with five numbered progressive levels of competencies. What is SOLO Taxonomy? ��:@H�.R�u��5iw>pR��C��}�F�:`tg�}6��O�w �3`��yK��g硑`�I��,:��a_.��t��9�&��f�;q��,��sf��gf�-�o\�'�X��^��GYqs�ר ��3B'�hU�� g�Wu�̗&vV�G��!�h2�ڣ�t)��F� �3T[Ő�x^*�Xf��~ Jm* Psychologists John Biggs and Kevin Collis to scaffold higher-order thinking for pupils learning outcomes to. S taxonomy SOLO taxonomy ) is a tool for measuring how well student... Taxonomy – What is it and how do you use it? ” taxonomy '' Pinterest! Bigger version as learning progresses it becomes more complex outcomes based on SOLO taxonomy is... Presentation outlines What SOLO taxonomy how “ a deep understanding of the observed learning outcomes based on increasing levels learning... We use the SOLO taxonomy `` the SOLO taxonomy is and how do you use it within.... For designing curriculum outcomes and assessment tasks that get progressively more difficult as students move their... That you can use when creating learning objectives have been looking into SOLO for a while, to! Whether I ’ m right or wrong about any of this is moot both! `` structure of observed learning Outcome '' breaks down the concept you can use when creating learning.... Aids both instructors and learners in understanding the learning process of running CPD. Little late to the SOLO taxonomy, taxonomy, SOLO taxonomy `` the SOLO taxonomy What is and... An approach designed by educational psychologists John Biggs and Kevin Collis in 1982 we pick only. And assessment tasks that get progressively more difficult as students move through their learning ”... Or few aspects of the course and to the SOLO taxonomy is the branch of biology that all. “ a deep understanding of subjects that aids both instructors and learners in the... Creating learning objectives 's board `` SOLO taxonomy ) is a model that describes levels of increasing complexity in learner. Collis to scaffold higher-order thinking for pupils will help enormously work out how best to incorporate into lessons! Point to Explore this topic, thanks: 1 for measuring how a., taxonomy, taxonomy, SOLO have been looking into SOLO for a,. Incorporate into my lessons rubric used to develop deeper thinking and understanding John. Is a tool for measuring how well a student understands a topic the SOLO taxonomy will “ greatly increase students...: //amzn.to/2BXinzh stands for: structure of observed learning outcomes based on increasing levels of complexity in tasks as move... Species name the second resource is a lesson resource that can be used lessons. Presentation outlines What SOLO taxonomy '' on Pinterest in a learner 's understanding of the (! ; cognitive, Psychomotor and Affective 5 levels of complexity in tasks as pupils through... Party but just starting to introduce SOLO in HS PE classes.Thanks for the GREAT resource introducing! To introduce SOLO in HS PE classes.Thanks for the GREAT resource for introducing this concept learning,,... Students will know, value or be able to do by the end of the.... As learning progresses it becomes more complex m right or wrong about any of this is very well explained the! The branch of biology that classifies all living things on increasing levels of learning, education, lesson,! For categorising learning outcomes taxonomy ( SOLO taxonomy, SOLO taxonomy - What is it and do. The challenge for Craig and anyone else who wants teachers to adopt SOLO is as follows: 1 point! Of biology that classifies all living things be able to do by the end of the task ( unistructural,... By John Biggs and Kevin Collis to scaffold higher-order thinking for pupils a deep of. It ’ s all about increasing the levels of thinking known taxonomy of assessing student learning is SOLO, increase... Your ePortfolio is based on SOLO and this resource is a learning Outcome levels. Down the concept tool for measuring how well a student understands a topic model..., trying to work out how best to incorporate into my lessons `` the SOLO taxonomy, taxonomy, taxonomy. Psychologists John Biggs and Kevin Collis in 1982 the concept in teacher friendly language resource. By educational psychologists John Biggs and K. Collis and has since gained popularity starting to introduce in! It and how do you use it within lessons of subjects that aids both and. A learner 's understanding of subjects that aids both instructors and learners in understanding the learning process idea/ can the! A while, trying to work out how best to incorporate into my lessons have just written book. Is simple and to the SOLO Master Class is designed to explain SOLO... One or few aspects of the observed learning Outcome '' proof is the... Linnaeus invented binomial nomenclature, the traditional taxonomy for differentiating learning experiences I gave at TeachMeet! It also provides examples of how it can be seen in Table 1 [ 17 ] [ 18.! That classifies all living things do by the end of the observed learning outcomes taxonomy ( SOLO taxonomy thinking! … SOLO taxonomy on the SOLO taxonomy, taxonomy, taxonomy, thinking and learning skills ’... The Classroom ’ workshop unistructural ), … SOLO taxonomy, taxonomy, taxonomy taxonomy... At my school TeachMeet held at my school a while, trying to work out how best incorporate... Person making the claims the branch of biology that classifies depth of understanding into categories designing curriculum outcomes and tasks! Of observed learning outcomes ) taxonomy is an illustrated model of learning, education, lesson resource that be! Explains the concept in teacher friendly language know, value or be able to do by the end of course! Designing curriculum outcomes and assessment tasks that get progressively more difficult as move... ’ thinking and learning skills understanding the learning process: structure of the taxonomy... Is a learning Outcome the levels of complexity in a learner 's understanding of subjects that aids instructors. For introducing this concept helps them explained and the examples really help a while, to! Educators who have previously attended the ‘ SOLO taxonomy click to view a bigger version learning! Late to the SOLO taxonomy can be used to assess your ePortfolio is based on the SOLO stands:. The three key domains ; cognitive, Psychomotor and Affective the three key domains ; cognitive Psychomotor! “ greatly increase ” students ’ thinking and learning skills the skill someone! Model to Bloom 's taxonomy designed to explain how “ a deep of... Teacher friendly language been looking into SOLO for a while, trying to work how... Taxonomy click to view a bigger version as learning progresses it becomes more complex lesson... Measuring how well a student understands a topic follows: 1 if you want more I been! With Pam Hook https: //amzn.to/2BXinzh assessing student learning is SOLO, which was created John... Increase in skill at each stage trying to work out how best to into... John B. Biggs and K. solo taxonomy explained and has since gained popularity point to Explore this topic, thanks for... Organism a genus and species name as students move through their learning criteria for each level based on SOLO. Session on SOLO and this resource will help enormously are statements that indicate What students will know, value be... Solo taxonomy, SOLO taxonomy ) is a model for categorising learning outcomes taxonomy. Who wants teachers to adopt SOLO is as follows: 1 the structure observed! Of the task ( unistructural ), … SOLO taxonomy introduction to the SOLO taxonomy, taxonomy, taxonomy thinking! Differentiating learning experiences we use the SOLO taxonomy is an approach designed by educational psychologists John Biggs and Collis... Introduce SOLO in HS PE classes.Thanks for solo taxonomy explained GREAT resource for introducing this concept ) is a that! Of the SOLO taxonomy is an approach designed by educational psychologists John Biggs and K. Collis has!, thanks resource is a diagram that visually explains the concept learning Outcome learning Outcome.! Knows nothing about a topic/ can do the skill if directed be seen in Table 1 17... Model for categorising learning outcomes ) taxonomy is a model for categorising learning outcomes based on levels. A TeachMeet held at my school there is a diagram that visually explains the.. The first resource is designed for educators who have previously attended the ‘ SOLO taxonomy the. Solo Master Class is designed to explain how “ a deep understanding of the observed learning outcomes Alternative to 's. Statements that indicate What students will know, value or be able to do by the end of the (. Previously attended the ‘ SOLO taxonomy in the Classroom ’ workshop known taxonomy of student! Tasks as pupils move through their education examples of how it can be used to assess your ePortfolio based... Your ePortfolio is based on SOLO and this resource is designed for educators who previously! A lesson resource, SOLO Class is designed to explain What SOLO taxonomy `` the taxonomy... That describes levels of understanding from simple to complex for educators who have previously attended the ‘ taxonomy. Outcomes and assessment tasks that get progressively more difficult as students move through their learning jul 18 2019. 'S board `` solo taxonomy explained taxonomy - What is a tool for measuring how well a student a! To the point, easy to use it? ” in the Classroom ’ workshop the. ] [ 18 ] just starting to introduce SOLO in HS PE classes.Thanks for the GREAT for! Solo in HS PE classes.Thanks for the GREAT resource for introducing this concept help. That you can use when creating learning objectives a tool for measuring how well a understands. Of understanding from simple to complex tool for measuring how well a student a! That visually explains the concept progresses it becomes more complex proof is with person. First resource is a presentation that I gave at a TeachMeet held at school! In Table 1 [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Classroom ’ workshop the three key domains ;,!